In this track: Explore safely
beginner · 3 MIN READ

Clipboard replacement attacks

Check the destination after pasting, not only before copying.

LET’S PICTURE IT

A swapped label on a parcel can redirect delivery even when you originally wrote the correct address.

SEE IT FOR YOURSELF
From a public address to a verified signatureStep 1 / 4
From a public address to a verified signaturePublic address0x0000…0001Share to receiveAnother personCan read the addressCannot sign for youPublic identifier ≠ secret authorizationLocal signerPrivate key stays hereSign the chosen requestSigned requestMessage + signatureSecret key not includedThe moving packet represents a signature, not a keySignatureCheck the exact messageCheck the signing contextVerificationAuthorization checkedIntent still mattersValidity and safety are different questionsWallet interfaceReads public dataRequests authorizationNetwork stateBalances and recordsIndependent verificationNo wallet is connected in this local illustration

An address is public receiving information. It is not the private key that authorizes actions.

Animated local teaching model. No wallet, RPC or live blockchain data. Some labels and hashes are abbreviated for readability.

The copied value can be changed

Malicious software or an untrusted environment can replace clipboard contents. A user may copy the intended address and paste a different one. The receiving application shows what it actually received, which is the value to review.

Compare the complete result

Check the full address after pasting and confirm the network and asset context. A matching prefix and suffix do not prove the middle characters match. A checksum-valid replacement can still belong to an attacker.

QR codes need inspection too

Scanning avoids one copy operation but introduces another input source. The encoded destination and any payment fields must still be reviewed. A QR image is data, not a certificate of ownership or honesty.

Use a known destination source

Establish the recipient through a trustworthy channel, then compare the final wallet request. Our copy buttons copy the displayed address; the site cannot inspect or guarantee the security of a visitor’s device clipboard.

QUICK CHECK · NO PRESSURE

Which value should you verify immediately before authorizing a transfer?

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