Gas and execution fees
Begin with “Gas without the guesswork” and work toward “Gas calculation practice set”. Each available lesson includes a visual explanation and a quick knowledge check.
Read in order or choose a topic below. Completion marks stay in this browser. All 20 lessons in this track are available.
- 01
Gas without the guesswork
Gas measures work. A gas price tells you what that work costs.
6 MIN READ - 02
Gas as a measure of work
Resource accounting and the price of that resource are separate quantities.
3 MIN READ - 03
The 21,000 gas transfer example
A narrow simple case is useful without being a universal transfer estimate.
3 MIN READ - 04
Gas limit versus block gas limit
A transaction budget and a block’s resource constraint apply at different scopes.
3 MIN READ - 05
EIP-1559 in plain language
A block base fee and transaction fee caps replace a single-price mental model.
3 MIN READ - 06
Base fee explained
A protocol-determined per-gas component changes with block demand under specified rules.
3 MIN READ - 07
Priority fee explained
The effective tip can be lower than the requested priority cap.
3 MIN READ - 08
Maximum fee cap explained
The maximum per-gas rate sets a ceiling, not a fixed quote.
3 MIN READ - 09
Calculate the effective gas price
Apply both caps after checking that base fee is covered.
3 MIN READ - 10
What happens to unused gas?
A gas limit is a permitted ceiling rather than a requirement to consume it.
3 MIN READ - 11
What happens when gas runs out?
Execution cannot keep working after exhausting its permitted resources.
3 MIN READ - 12
Why a revert still costs gas
Rolling back state does not erase computation already performed.
3 MIN READ - 13
Why estimates can be wrong
Simulation describes particular inputs and state, while real execution may occur later.
3 MIN READ - 14
Warm versus cold access overview
Access history within a transaction can affect some resource costs.
3 MIN READ - 15
Storage writes and gas
Persistent updates have costs that depend on the state transition.
3 MIN READ - 16
Gas refunds and refund limits
A refund counter follows specific rules and is capped.
3 MIN READ - 17
Execution fees versus blob fees
Blob-carrying transactions have an additional data-resource dimension.
3 MIN READ - 18
Layer 2 fee components
Execution and data-related costs can be combined differently by each network.
3 MIN READ - 19
Build a manual fee budget
State your assumptions and keep permitted maximums apart from expected costs.
3 MIN READ - 20
Gas calculation practice set
Use both units and fee caps to explain a result.
3 MIN READ